Trump The Snapchatter: Should Mr. President shut up on social media?

Former President Barack Obama has been lauded for running a very successful election campaign by using Integrated Marketing Communication strategies and effectively tapping the potentials of social media. He was the first president to have a real presence on Twitter, and Michelle Obama was the first FLOTUS joining Snapchat in July 2016.

But their social-media activity looks trivial compared with President Trump, who is tweeting on an almost hourly-basis. But his tweets are usually fallacious and factually challenged. And according to New York Times, Trump has insulted 305 people since declaring to run for president in 2015.

 

Source: CNN

Social media users have been reeling from the Trump’s 140-character “rants” announcements, and according to a recent NBC/WSJ poll, nearly 70% Americans agree that “in an instant, messages can have unintended major implications without careful review.”

Some suggest his tweets should be treated less as policy declarations but more like Snapchat. Brooks (2017) says every time Trump tweets or retweets something, experts jump into action to interpret his meaning and indications of future American policy. But this might be the wrong way to read Trump. He is more “postmodern.” He does not “operate by an if-then logic.” His mode is not “decision, implementation, consequence.”

“The one consistent thing about the Trump brand has been inconsistency,” as Dumenco (2017) summarized.

And the Snapchatter President just officially joined Snapchat three days ago. This could cause more panic and worries regarding the new president social media activities. So should Trump shut up, as so many people expect?

Source: Damon Winter / The New York Times

Dumenco (2017) analyzed Trump’s whole life as “working all the angles, every angle, to make sure everyone is paying attention to him.” With all his business and flamboyance, he has been built a “meta-brand” – a brand about branding. Howard (2017) agrees that he’s frequent activity on Twitter is an effort to bypass the traditional press and “to perpetuate his persona as a more accessible and unfiltered POTUS.” It’s all about grabbing attention and being worshiped. Brooks (2017) believe while Trump is bashing Obama on Russia or the Mideast, it’s not because of his potential policy implementation, but rather about “bashing enemies.” In a word, he might not be that harmful as he appears to be.

However, a country leader is not an ordinary person, and he has so many stakes on hand that he just can’t play around on social media. In the pan-entertainment era, the logic, seriousness and formality missing in Trump’s administration is very disturbing and precarious. But social media affords us “a historically unique ability to speak truth to power – directly” (Strange 2017), and it’s our best and most transparent method of knowing this logically and ethically challenged president.

Trump is here to stay, both in White House and our everyday social media feeds. The crucial question is: in the absence of a capable president, who and how will be the substance of actual governance?

 

Reference

Brooks, D. (January 3, 2017). The Snapchat presidency of Donald Trump. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/03/opinion/the-snapchat-presidency-of-donald-trump.html

Dann, C. (January 18, 2017). NBC/WSJ Poll: Nearly 70 percent of Americans give a thumbs down to Trump’s Twitter habit. NBC News. Retrieved from http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/first-read/nbc-wsj-poll-nearly-70-percent-americans-give-thumbs-down-n708116

Dumenco, S. (January 9, 2017). How to understand the Trump Brand in 2017. AdvertisingAge

Howard, A. (January 28, 2017). Trump on Snapchat? President’s expanded social media presence offer pitfalls. NBC News. Retrieved from http://www.nbcnews.com/tech/social-media/trump-snapchat-president-s-expanded-social-media-presence-offers-pitfalls-n712946

Lee, J. & Quealy, K. (January 20, 2017). The 305 people, places and things Donald Trump has insulted on Twitter: A complete list. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/28/upshot/donald-trump-twitter-insults.html?_r=0

Strange, A. (January 31, 2017). Banning Trump from Twitter would be a colossal mistake. Mashable. Retrieved from http://mashable.com/2017/01/31/why-twitter-should-not-ban-trump/?utm_cid=hp-hh-pri#1IcXGPRSsOqA

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Life is like a Targeted Ad, You Never Know What You’re Gonna Get? Or Do You?

Remember the days when you could simply scroll through social media, visit a website or check your email inbox without being influenced by outside sources? The days when your life was unperturbed by targeted ads, constantly trying to sell you something? It feels like a long time ago, doesn’t it?

I’m not sure if we’ve become desensitized due to a constant surplus of information, or if we’ve simply developed an ad-immunity. Targeted ads are neither surprising nor unexpected in today’s Information Age. Somehow, though, the appearance of ads across social media feels profoundly more personal.

While the days of expecting that our browsing history and online profiles are private have surely slipped away, not so subtle reminders of an item we forgot to buy on Amazon or an article we might like to read somehow feel invasive. If our online behavior and CTR are serving as catalysts for these targeted advertisements, why does it feel so unsettling?

Let me give you an example. A few months ago, I saw a fabulous pair of open-toed, ox blood booties by TOMS. I mulled over the purchase for months, after all, shoes are serious business. Finally, I took a chance and purchased the shoes online. Ever since then, however, I continue to see the exact shoe I purchased everywhere, whether it be on Facebook, Amazon, or a random website. While these targeted ads can be helpful at times and inspire an additional purchase, in this case, the ad became a nuisance. I’ll give TOMS the benefit of the doubt, but remind me to purchase them at the store in the future.

While I’m sure that many of you have experienced something similar, the ultimate question is, does targeted advertising bring more harm than good? Are the ads even effective, or do they push prospective consumers away? Have you ever subscribed to a service or purchased a product as a result of a targeted ad? Are there certain types of ads that you find to be more invasive than others? Do certain social platforms influence your opinion of targeted ads? For example, do you enjoy the targeted ads on Instagram, but find them irritating on Facebook? Do you think targeted ads are here to stay? Are there any provisions we can take as consumers to minimize targeted ads and enhance the online experience? How do they impact the brand as a whole?

If life is like a targeted ad, I want to know what I’m gonna get.

References

Ben Elhadj-Ben Brahim, N., Lahmandi-Ayed, R., & Laussel, D. (2011). Is targeted advertising always beneficial? International Journal of Industrial Organization, 29(6), 678-689.

Li, Y., Lin, L., & Chiu, S. (2014). Enhancing targeted advertising with social context endorsement. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 19(1), 99-128.

Targeted advertising deemed ‘creepy’. (2015). Long Island Business News.

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The Results are in, You are NOT the Terrorist!

Scrolling through Facebook we see constantly see baby photos, memes, and inspirational or cautious stories that are shared several thousand or million times. Who are these people in these stories and is it true? Facebook is taking a stand against fake news in the United States and recently their efforts have expanded internationally, specifically to Germany. The country is coming upon an election and Facebook does not want fake news taking over their election as it did to the United States.

Yet is it effective? Why is Facebook stepping up with a greater force when there is an election? Anas Modamani, a Syrian refugee, who lives in Germany feels Facebook has failed in clearing fake news especially his name and false story. Modamani took an innocent photo with Chancellor Angela Merkel that is being shared that the Chancellor took a photo with a wanted terrorist linked to the attacks in Berlin. His photo has circulated with the label as an attacker with each bomb scare that happens in Germany. Modamani has requested the photo to be taken down by Facebook, but unfortunately the content was shared massively and growing in shares.

Modamani has filed for an injunction for Facebook to remove all content that link him to terrorism. Failure to remove all context will result in a fine of 250,000 Euros each time a fake news story about Modamani appears. These constant stories being created and shared repeatedly on Facebook have made Modamani not able to live without explaining he is not a terrorist and in constant danger. The platform is created to post things and share things with ease, but removing a fake story takes months if not longer.

Facebook says measures of exposing and removing fake news are happening and an active goal but it seems Facebook is doing this for specific stories only. Fake election stories in Germany have been stopped quicker than Modamani’s. The fact checker created by Correctiv should be checking all stories and not specific key subjects. Hate speech is not being stopped by Facebook’s new system or in a timely manner to protect the innocent.

Can we believe anything that is on the news or social media anymore? Should there be punishment for those who created false stories that are destroying a reputation of an innocent being? Is it really Facebook’s job to check the facts or should we, as a society, come together and check the facts before sharing a post? Media evolving quickly and news travels fast. Next time before you share, check yourself. You don’t want to be adding to the fuel to the fake news fire.

Modamani’s hearing is scheduled for February.

References 

Guerrini, Federico. (2017, January 16, 2017). Facebook Will Flag And Filter Fake News In Germany. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/federicoguerrini/2017/01/16/facebook-will-flag-and-filter-fake-news-in-germany/#447f7ccf60e3

Silverman, Craig. (2017, January 15). Facebook Is Expanding Its Program To Fight Fake News Into Germany. BuzzFeed. Retrieved from https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/facebook-expanding-program-to-fight-fake-news-to-germany?utm_term=.sfywwRazD#.taaAAvkVe

Silverman, Craig. (2017, January 13). A Refugee Is Taking Facebook To Court In Germany Over Fake News. BuzzFeed. Retrieved from https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/refugee-taking-facebook-to-court-in-germany-over-fake-news?utm_term=.dn411ParJ#.jfayyAZVq

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Merry Christmas Guerrilleros, Colombia Wants You to Come Home

Clients traditionally ask advertisers to create campaigns with the intent of selling a product, or developing their brand’s reputation. But what if your client was a country ravaged by Civil War for over 50 years, and what they wanted was for you to help them sell peace? That is what advertising executive Jose Miguel Sokoloff and his agency were tasked with. As a result of dozens of successful campaigns, Colombia is finally on the path to peace. Tourism and international investments have increased, transforming Colombia and repositioning it as an up and coming nation.

Of all the campaigns that Sokoloff designed and launched, the one that resonated with me most was, “Mother’s Voice”. Through subtle yet profound emotional connections, the agency communicated directly to the FARC and reminded them of the significance of being with family during the holidays. The agency was able to locate over 20 mothers who had lost their sons and daughters to the Civil War and asked them to beg their children to come home. These mothers haven’t seen their children in over 20 years, so they provided old photos of their kids to the agency who then placed the words, “Before being a guerilla, you are my daughter/son”. These photos were strewn across the jungles of Colombia, thus hitting the proverbial jugular of the FARC and encouraging them to demobilize. The agency reports that 218 mothers have been able to welcome their children home as a result of the effective campaign.

Watch the clip from 60 Minutes Overtime here.

As a first generation Colombian, I cannot express what this means to my family. For the first time in my adult life, I no longer have to hide my heritage and can proudly praise the progress we have achieved. I am even more elated that this progress was achieved through effective advertising and not more violence. If you haven’t been to Colombia, I urge you to do so and am happy to provide travel tips. As my cousin Fabio would say, “Colombia es una chimba!” or, “Colombia is awesome!”.

Ciao!

References

(2016, December 11) Advertising to sell peace, not products. 60 Minutes Overtime. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/60-minutes-colombia-advertising-to-sell-peace-not-products/

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Gretchen, stop trying to make “Green Monday” happen!

I was bombarded with a slew of interesting promotional emails yesterday, all with the same two words in the subject line: GREEN MONDAY. Wait, what? Didn’t we just “celebrate” Black Friday, then Cyber Monday after that? Who started this and why is this becoming a thing?

Turns out that eBay introduced it back in 2009 to describe a huge increase in sales on the second day of December and have (oddly) kept it going ever since. Green relates to the cash spent, not environmentally-friendly offerings like I had thought. Go figure.

Sorry marketers, but you stuck me with a right hook and failed to even try to jab. Your right hook was so ill-placed, that I probably will never engage in Green Monday. Ever. I’m all for clever sales tactics and understand the need for promotion, but where do we draw the line?

I am interested in reading your opinions on this: Do you think the creation of these “shopping holidays” veers on the edge of unethical marketing practices? 

References

Ginn, L. (2016, December 12). Green monday is the next shopping holiday you’ve never heard of. Broke and Beautiful. Retrieved from http://brokeandbeautiful.com/2016/green-monday-next-shopping-holiday-youve-never-heard/

Kocsis, J. (2016, December 2). Best buy is really trying to make green monday a thing with these deals. The Daily Caller. Retrieved from http://dailycaller.com/2016/12/12/best-buy-is-really-trying-to-make-green-monday-a-thing-with-these-deals/

 

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Are Apple’s AirPods Ready For the Public?

Gone are the days of the 3.5 mm headphone jack, in addition to wired head phones. Is this the way of the future? According to Apple, it sure is. Still, it’s been a long time coming, and customers are chomping at the bit for a chance to snag the $159 (yes, you read that correctly) wireless ear buds. But, one question remains: Are they ready for public consumption?

Many will attempt to be the first in line for this luxury Apple product, much like customers do each time a new phone or accessory is available online or in store. It’s brand loyalty to the extreme, which keeps Apple on top in terms of technological advancement and public preference.  I won’t deny it: I’m one of the many who has flocked to the Apple store to purchase the latest and greatest device or product. But this time, I’m not so sure…

Aside from the price point, these puppies last only about 5 hours after one charge in their little carrier. For an avid music listener like myself, I’m accustomed to charging my phone to listen to music for hours on end, but now BOTH devices will need to be charged. Still, a quick 15 minute charge will give you about 3 hours of listening time. Not bad, but not convenient.

Now, can we talk about how small these things are?! Raise your hand if your future AirPod is already lost (*raises both hands). Though it’s speculated that purchasing just one AirPod could be a future option, it’s certainly an expensive one. Funny enough, these wireless ear buds have a $10 dongle cord available on Amazon to keep them together to prevent loss. Strange, considering the point of these is to be wireLESS, but nonetheless convenient.

It is no surprise that this is the way of the future in terms of music consumption. It’s a game changer, and one that will be the catalyst by which new, less expensive – but equitable – versions of the AirPod will be developed. Apple is a trailblazer, and one that has changed the face of technological advancement and human connection in a relatively short period of time. Though it may take some getting used to, I have a feeling the AirPods will be as commonplace in the next 5-10 years as iPhones are now.

 

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Is that an ad? Using Celebrities to Push Products.

Celebrities and athletes have millions of social media followers. So, it makes sense that companies will send free products hoping to see it used in a post. From the Kardashians, to Real Housewives, to actors and actresses fans want to look, dress, eat, and workout like their favorite celebrity. But, do celebrities really use those products or are they paid to post and image of themselves with the product?

Recently, the Federal Trade Commission cracked down on celebrities who were paid to promote and item, but did not make it clear to their fans they were doing so (Frier & Townsend, 2016). I noticed this first with Kylie Jenner and her sister Kim and a hair vitamin. Both Instagram accounts showed the women with a bottle of Sugar Bear vitamins and discussion about how great the product is for their hair. The Kardashian and Jenner family were called out because they have hundreds of social media images that are “advertisements”. The family then changed their posts and added #ad to let fans know it is an advertisement.

While the FTC requires celebrities to use #ad, #sp, and #sponsored, does this really protect the customer? And, while those hashtags notify fans they are looking at an advertisement, can they really get mad if a celebrity claims a teatox helps them keep their thin figure? In many ways the consumer needs to also use common sense. These celebrities also have personal trainers and chefs to help them keep their figure. It’s not just the tea.

But, giving celebrities free products or even paying them to promote the product on social media is a great marketing tool to reach millennials.

References:

Frier, S. & Townsend, M. (2016). FTC to crackdown on paid celebrity posts that aren’t clear ads. Bloomberg Technology [online]. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-05/ftc-to-crack-down-on-paid-celebrity-posts-that-aren-t-clear-ads

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Prime Time Mobile Television: Dipping into the Sports Stream

It is no surprise that television viewership has been on a steady decline over the last few years. It has come to the point where the value of the Nielsen ratings system is now being questioned. Streaming services have a lot to do with the decline in television viewership. According to recent studies, Netflix viewership reached a total of 42.5 billion hours in 2015 and accounted for half of the 3% decline in television viewership.

 

In recent years, more viewers are becoming familiar with video streaming services and the merge of television and social media. With the constant rise of multiple interactive social media platforms, television is becoming a less engaging form of entertainment. The fact is that viewers and audiences are becoming more active on mobile devices. According to a recent study, 84% of mobile device users use their devices during programs. Sports organizations and TV companies have started to acknowledge and cater to today’s active audience and have started to team with social media companies to stream live games and events. In 2010 ESPN launched an internet TV site and mobile application called WATCHESPN, which offers an online cast of the ESPN channel as well as live sporting events from around the world.

The app has led to a great deal of success for the company and is still running to this day. With users wanting to be more interactive during live programming, new ideas have sparked regarding live sports streaming and fan interaction. Facebook and Twitter have recently partnered with major sports organizations and television companies to provide live events on their platforms. By streaming live events on social media sites such as Twitter and Facebook, fan engagement is increased which can lead to increased viewership. Just this year, both social media sites aired live coverage of the PGA Tour’s FedEx Cup and while Facebook has agreed to air USA Olympic Basketball games, Twitter is currently in a deal with the NFL to air live Thursday Night Football games on their interactive platform.

https://youtu.be/ayZgCRk3sHU

While many have questioned the success and execution of sports streaming, it is evident that providing consumers and viewers with interactive platforms (for sports events), that increase “virality,” will be a common strategy in the next few years. According to recent studies, Apple TV is looking to partner with Twitter in order to provide live games to its viewers. With the increasing popularity of social media, live broadcasting, and video based media, the future of sports may soon require your login information.

References:

Chang, L. (2016). Netflix caused us to watch less tv, study more reports. Retrieved from http://www.digitaltrends.com/movies/netflix-tv-decline/

Kamal, S. (2016). Rethinking the second screen. Retrieved from http://clearbridgemobile.com/rethinking-second-screen-social-tv-and-the-active-audience/

Leung, D. (2016). Twitter and face book’s big push into live sports streaming starts with the nfl. Retrieved from http://www.sporttechie.com/2016/08/30/socialmedia/twitter-facebook-create-sports-live-streaming-viewing-experience/

Leung, D. (2016). The future of live streaming sports lies with social media networks. Retrieved from http://www.sporttechie.com/2016/07/25/socialmedia/future-of-live-streaming-sports-lies-with-social-media-networks/

Roussanov, B. (2016). The netflix effect: Television ratings in the internet age. Retrieved from http://harvardpolitics.com/culture/netflix-effect-television-ratings-internet-age/

Spangler, T. (2016). Netflix caused 50% of tv viewing drop in 2015. Retrieved from http://variety.com/2016/digital/news/netflix-tv-ratings-decline-2015-1201721672/

 

 

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Uber & Lyft vs. Traditional Rental Cars

Hertz stock trails Avis this year

Hertz stock trails Avis this year, (Welch, 2016)

With all the recent talk of Uber, its expansion, and of self-driving cars (Davies, 2016), many may not have noticed that conventional rental car companies’ profits are waning in the wake of the successes of Uber, Lyft, and other new transportation companies. In November, it was reported that “Hertz shares fell 23 percent, wiping out $739 million in equity value” (Welch, 2016), and analysts are predicting new mounting challenges for traditional rental car companies who do not make the experience better for consumers (Lieber, 2016). In light of the fact that may airports have now lifted bans on Uber and Lyft, and that many business travelers are opting for an easier and more convenient mobile-based experience at the airport (Lieber, 2016), the environment is even more ominous. Though, unlike Hertz, competitor Avis did beat sales and profit estimates (Welch, 2016), the signs or trouble are there (e.g., decline in rental rates and volume) for the traditional rental car industry, and losses may not be avoidable by simply controlling costs.

Not all is perfect, however, with ride sharing services and new transportation companies. There are issues that may not come up with Hertz or Avis, such as having to publish official Community Guidelines (Brown, 2016) to prevent undesirable behavior that would not matter to rental car companies. For example, talking with your driver while holding an open container of alcohol or choosing not to use your seatbelt could get you banned from Uber for three lifetimes (Brown, 2016). Until traditional retail car companies drastically shift business or product strategy, these types of issues, which take resources to manage, will not be need to be addressed.

What strategy changes do you think traditional rental car companies will need to implement in light of companies like Uber, Lyft, Zipcar, and the like? 

References

Brown, B. (2016, December 10). If the ‘Uber back seat club’ is on your bucket list, you may get banned for life. Digital Trends. Retrieved from: http://www.digitaltrends.com/cars/uber-behavior-rules/

Davies, A. (2016, September 16). Here’s what it’s like to ride In Uber’s self-driving car. Wired. Retrieved from: https://www.wired.com/2016/09/heres-like-ride-ubers-self-driving-car/

Lieber, R. (2016, December 9). With Uber and Lyft nearby rental cars may be ripe for a comeuppance. New York Times. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/09/your-money/with-uber-and-lyft-nearby-rental-cars-may-be-ripe-for-a-comeuppance.html

Welch, D. (2016, November 7). Hertz’s shares tumble 23% after profit misses estimates. Bloomberg. Retrieved from: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-07/hertz-falls-as-quarterly-profit-trails-estimates-outlook-is-cut

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Don’t Shoot or Stab or Bludgeon the Messenger

I will not die in this spot.

I’m sitting at my desk at a Southern California community college. It’s the best in the nation, at least from my biased perspective. But it could be any college. Or a church. Or a movie theater. Or a high school. Or an elementary school. Or a supermarket parking lot. It could be the university where I’m enrolled or a similar campus across the country.

This idiocy we’ve seen play out over and over again doesn’t discriminate by location.

That’s how I attempt to reassure my wife every time some anonymous person finds infamy while aiming at retribution for whatever grievance pushes them over the delusional edge. “I could still be working at a mall and the threat would be the worse.”

It never works.

But, I swear that this government-issued desk will not be the spot I take my final breath. At this very second, we are observing a moment of silence for the victims at Umpqua Community College; but, I won’t keep quiet. It’s my job — our jobs — to be vocal about this topic.

Here I sit — wondering how I’ll solve this problem. Certainly, that’s what I’m asked every time we hold an emergency drill, every time there’s an actual shooting elsewhere, every time that I send out a safety notification to our campus community. The students want to know. The faculty want to know. The media want to know.

None of us have the answers. If we did, the madness would end.

Too many ill-intentioned people have too-ready access to guns. But, those aren’t the only deadly weapons. Here in Orange County alone, we’ve experienced the murder of preschool children on a playground by a man who intentionally drove his car over them. We’ve seen a man slash his way through a grocery story with a samurai sword. A former colleague of mine bludgeoned his wife to death with a statue of a goddess. Guns are a tremendous part of the problem, though, and there are common-sense measures we can take to make things better in that regard. But no amount of regulation softens the fact that many among us really have no concern for our fellow inhabitants of this planet.

We don’t care for each other as individuals. We don’t know our neighbors. We’re detached from those who are both physically and emotionally close to us.

Changing that is a step each one of us could take at this very instant to make things better.

We spend our hours with heads drooped, staring at small glowing screens. They bring the world to our fingertips, yet add those same vast miles between us and those nearby.

It was just this type of device that delivered the news about Umpqua, while sitting in a room full of fellow communications professionals at conference in Las Vegas — all of us in higher education, some from neighboring towns of that tragedy. Later that day, at McCarran International Airport, I authored the draft of a statement about the Umpqua shooting on behalf of our president in response to a reporter asking us to comment on what we were doing to prevent such a scenario. Prevent it?!? Seriously? Nobody can prevent it, so how are we to be any different? Of course, that’s not what our media statement said.

Still, that sentiment hung heavily as I entered the airport’s gift shop a while later to find something to bring home to my sons. After selecting some playing cards and dice, I waited to pay. And waited. And waited while the lone employee of the store was engaged in conversation with the male half of a couple. When that never-ending transaction finally ended, I attempted to joke with the cashier so she knew I wasn’t overly frustrated with the delay. It took just a second longer to realize that she, however, was clearly shaken by the prior encounter.

With plenty of time before my flight and thinking about the need for people to connect, I tried to ease her jitters. I don’t remember most of what Maria told me, but she shared the impact that community college had on bringing her to Nevada. Her goal was to transfer to a local university to build a better life for herself. It was an opportunity available to her only through community college.

As I walked out of the store, I did so with a renewed sense of what we as educators and communications professionals do in our day to day. It is to open doors for people like Maria. As a result, I felt a deeper and renewed connection to the job that — in the most-ridiculous manner possible — puts me in harm’s way.

I’m sitting at my desk — the very spot where I refuse to die. A tear hangs in the corner of my right eye. I don’t cry. But gravity’s got a good grip on this one. I don’t want to cry and I’m tired of seeing that reaction — people crying — on the news. We need to try a different path.

So if I pass by and offer a smile, a hello, or a waive just know it’s because I refuse to die at this desk.


In the wake of deadly events at Ohio State and USC, which bookended the week of November 28, 2016, I decided to edit and share this piece I wrote about a year ago. It was authored primarily as we observed a national moment of silence for the shooting victims at Umpqua Community College.

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